Important rules of Ramadan Karim
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
أياما معدودات فمن كان منكم مريضا أو على سفر فعدة من أيام أخر وعلى الذين يطيقونه فدية طعام مسكين فمن تطوع خيرا فهو خير له وأن تصوموا خير لكم إن كنتم تعلمون
For a few days of reckoning, then whoever of you is ill or on a journey, he must complete the fast at another time. And for those who find it extremely difficult, they will feed a poor person instead. Whoever does good deeds willingly, it is good for him. And if you fast, it will be better for you, if you only knew. [Surat al-Baqara 2: 174]
شهر رمضان الذي أنزل فيه القرآن هدى للناس وبينات من الهدى والفرقان فمن شهد منكم الشهر فليصمه ومن كان مريضا أو على سفر فعدة من أيام أخر يريد الله بكم اليسر ولا يريد بكم العسر ولتكملوا العدة ولتكبروا الله على ما هداكم ولعلكم تشكرون
The month of Ramadan is the month in which the Qur'an was revealed, which is a guidance for mankind and a clear guide for those who follow the right path and distinguishes between right and wrong. So whoever of you finds this month, let him fast this month. And whoever is ill or on a journey, he shall pay the bill on another day. God wants to make it easy for you; Do not seek to make things difficult for you, so that you may complete the calculations, and glorify Allah for giving you guidance, so that you may be grateful. [Surat al-Baqara 2: 185]
Order to observe fasting
Allaah addressed the believers of this Ummah and said that they should observe fasting. Fasting means abstaining from food and drink and sexual intercourse with one's wife in order to obey the command of Allah. The benefit of this is that it makes the human soul completely clean and pure from sin and darkness. At the same time, Allaah says that the command to fast is not only imposed on them, but also on their previous ummah. The purpose of this narration is also to ensure that Muhammadans in the Ummah do not fall behind the previous Ummah in performing this duty. As elsewhere:
For each of you (community) I have prescribed a certain law and a certain way; And if Allah had willed, He could have made you one nation. But He did not do this because He would test you all in the religion which He has given you, so run towards good things. (Surat al-Ma'idah, 5:48) It is narrated here that this fast is obligatory upon you as it was obligatory upon those before you. Fasting purifies the body and creates obstacles in the way of Satan.
The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said:
'O youth! Those of you who can afford to marry will marry, and those who cannot afford to marry will fast. It will be a protective charm for him. (Fath al-Bari 9/6, Muslim 2/1018) Then the number of days for fasting is being explained that it is only a few days so that it does not become a burden on anyone and no one becomes incapable of fulfilling it.
Description of different types of fasting
In Sahih Bukhari and Muslim, it is narrated from Aisha (R) that in the past the fast of Ashura was observed. When the fast of Ramazan is made obligatory, the fast of Ashura is no longer obligatory; Rather, he did what he wanted and did not do what he did not want. (Fathul Bari 6/26, Muslim 2/692)
(Surat al-Baqarah, 2: 174) In the sense of this, Mu'adh (R) narrates that in the early days of Islam, if one wished, one would observe fasting and another would not observe it. Instead, he used to give food to the poor. There is a narration in Sahih Bukhari from Salma Ibn Aqwa (R) that at the time of the revelation of this verse, whoever wished to give up fasting and give 'fidya'. Then the next verse is revealed and it becomes 'mansukh' (abrogated). (Fath al-Bari 8/29) Umar (R) also called it Mansukh. Abdullah (R) said that it is not Mansukh, but it means old men or old women who do not have the ability to fast. (Fathul Bari 6/26)
Redemption of the sick and disabled person instead of fasting
Ibn Abi Laila (R) said: 'I come to Atar (R) in the month of Ramadan. I see he is eating. Seeing me, he said: 'Ibn' Abbas (R) has said that the previous verse of this verse has not been mansukh, but this command is only for the powerless, immobile old people. (Fath al-Bari 6/26) The point is that this is not an instruction for a person who is in his abode and is in good health. Rather, he has to observe fasting. But yes, very old, old and weak people who do not have the ability to fast, they will not fast and fasting on them is not necessary. Because their health is unlikely to improve, they will not be able to fast in the future. In this case, they have to pay a ransom for each missed fast. This is the opinion of Ibn 'Abbas (R) and various scholars, including the Salafi Salihin. (Tabari 3/431)
This is also the preferred opinion of Imam Bukhari. He said that a very old person who does not have the strength to fast will give 'fidiya'. For example, Anas ibn Malik (R) did not fast for two years when he was very old and used to feed a poor person with meat and bread instead of every fast. (Fathul Bari 6/179)
Musnad Abu Ya'la says that when Anas (R) was unable to fast, he made bread and meat and fed thirty Miskin. (Abu Ya'la 8/204) Similarly, when pregnant and lactating women fear for their own lives and the lives of their children, there are differences of opinion. Some people say that they will not fast, but will pay a ransom, and when the fear is gone, they will make up the fast. Again, some people say that 'fidiya' is enough, there is no need to make up for it. Some say that fasting will be observed, not 'fidiya' or qaza.
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Tafsir Ibn Kathir.
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